Reports on Plant Diseases

Symptoms

Click on image for larger version Figure 2. Anthracnose of Ash (photo from NC State).

On trees other than sycamore, anthracnose symptoms are mostly confined to the leaves. These symptoms vary from small, circular to irregular spots that are tan, dark brown, or black, to larger blotches that are usually associated with the midribs and veins (Table 1). Veinal necrosis is common on sycamore, ash, oak, and maple (Figure 2). When immature leaves are infected on trees such as oak, these leaves may become severely distorted (Figure 1). Young leaves may die and fall soon after a heavy infection. If a severe infection occurs early in the growing season and the trees defoliate, a new set of leaves may emerge, depending on the environment and the anthracnose fungus affecting the tree. Not only do sycamores show symptoms, but also their buds, shoots, and one-year-old twigs are commonly blighted.

Four stages, which often overlap, may be identified in years when optimum temperature conditions exist for anthracnose development. Bud blight and twig blight occur before the leaves emerge in the early spring and kill either individual buds or the tips of one-year-old shoots. Later, fruiting bodies (pycnidia), the size of a pinhead, rupture the bark.

A sunken girdling canker may form below the twig tip after leaf emergence and cause the death of young shoots. This symptom is often mistaken for frost injury. The lateral buds behind the dead twig will eventually produce new growth and a new flush of leaves, giving the tree a bushy appearance. Twig infection is not common but may occur in ash, elm, hickory, hophornbeam, linden, maple, oak, poplar, and walnut.

Bud blight and twig blight occur in April or early May. The buds may be killed before the end of dormancy because of a girdling canker that has formed below the buds. Twigs may be killed when the canker encircles the one-year-old twig.

Shoot blight begins after the leaves emerge and resembles frost injury. Leaves suddenly die and later drop from infected twigs. The severity of the blight depends on the temperature during the two-week period following the emergence of the first leaves. Damage is most prevalent when the average mean daily temperature (the average of the maximum and minimum temperatures) during this period is between 50° and 55° F (10° and 12° C). Above 60° F (15° C), little or no shoot blight takes place.

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Disease Cycle

Anthracnose fungi that primarily attack the leaves commonly overwinter on the ground. When cool, moist spring weather occurs, spores (conidia or ascospores) produced on the dead leaves are spread by wind and splashing rains to newly emerging leaves where infection begins. After a short time lesions form, and a new generation of spores (summer spores or conidia) reproduce, again infecting the leaves. Intensification of the disease from summer spores is especially noticeable on walnut and ash, leading to pronounced early defoliation.

With fungi that attack both stems and leaves, overwintering commonly occurs within infected buds, the bark of twigs, and branch cankers. In prolonged cool spring weather, the conidia separate from the minute fruiting bodies (pycnidia) that form at these sites. Rain splash disperses the spores to emerging leaves, causing infection. Overwintering in twig cankers is advantageous for the fungus since it never loses contact with its host. Sycamore and oak anthracnose fungi operate in this manner, making them particularly difficult to control. From infected leaves, the fungus grows into the veins, through the petioles, and into the stem where it overwinters. In the spring, under proper environmental conditions, the growth of the fungus to form girdling cankers may result in the death of buds, twigs, and shoots . Later, summer spores form (in acervuli) and spread.

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Control

Since anthracnose diseases are rarely fatal, control measures may not be warranted depending on the value placed on the tree, the weather conditions when the leaves and twigs are growing rapidly, and the amount of disease expected.

Forest Trees

Practical control measures for trees growing under forest conditions are not available; however, some cultural control methods may reduce annual losses.

1. Since free water on plant surfaces is necessary for spore germination, penetration, and infection, practices designed to hasten evaporation may reduce disease.
   
   
2. Prune branches and remove trees in a densely planted plantation to allow better air movement, increase the sun's penetration, and to speed drying.
   
   
3. Select a good planting site with good air flow.
   
   
4. Anthracnose on young walnut trees is less severe in plantations fertilized with nitrogen fertilizers.

Shade and Ornamental Trees

1. Sanitation, the removal and destruction of fallen leaves (a spore overwintering site and the source of some spores for early spring infections), reduces the potential for infection.
   
   
2. Infected twigs and branch cankers, a source of spores, should be pruned out.
   
   
3. All diseased plant parts should be buried, burned, or removed from the site to prevent reinfection.
   
   Procedures 1 through 3 above are recommended for anthracnose diseases of ash, birch, catalpa, dogwood, elm, hornbeam, hophornbeam, linden, poplar, and tuliptree.
   
   
4. Trees that have a severe anthracnose infection and defoliate early may weaken and should be fertilized. Defoliation depletes the energy reserves of the tree and increases its susceptibility to other pests and diseases. Surface application of ammonium nitrate fertilizer at the rate of 18 pounds per 1,000 square feet, or of urea at 13 pounds per 1,000 square feet, is recommended. If grass is growing under the canopy of the tree, do not apply fertilizer until the grass is dry--the grass may "burn" otherwise. Apply the fertilizer with a cyclone spreader followed by an inch of water (600 gallons per 1,000 square feet) every 7 days for several weeks.
   
   
5. Resistant tree varieties should be used whenever possible. The London plane tree is notably less susceptible to anthracnose than the American sycamore; black and pin oaks are more disease resistant than white oaks.
   
   
6. Various fungicides can be used to control anthracnose on valuable trees, but chemicals rarely control this disease completely. Spraying can protect leaves from infection but it will not prevent the development of cankers on sycamores and oaks in which the fungus overwintered within the tree. A hand-held sprayer may be satisfactory for smaller trees, however, high-pressure spray equipment is required to treat larger trees. Apply a suggested fungicide two or three times, at 14-day intervals, starting at leaf emergence. Thorough coverage is required. The manufacturer's directions should be carefully followed. Spraying after the disease is evident will only protect healthy new leaves.

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Table 1. Symptoms of Anthracnose on Various Shade and Forest Trees

Nancy R. Pataky is Director of the Plant Clinic and Turf and Ornamentals Specialist, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

University of Illinois Extension provides equal opportunities in programs and employment.

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