Illinois Fruit and Vegetable News:A Newsletter for Commercial Growers of Fruit and Vegetable Crops Vol. 13 , No. 10, July 24, 2007 |
"We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit." --Aristotle Address any questions or comments regarding this newsletter to the individual authors listed after each article or to its editor, Rick Weinzierl, 217-333-6651, weinzier@uiuc.edu. To receive email notification of new postings of this newsletter, call or write the same number or address. This issue's words of wisdom ... which usually means the jokes ... are at the end of newsletter ... check the last page. In This Issue:Upcoming Programs (Small Farms / SARE tour; SIU and St. Charles Grape Open House Events; Pumpkin Field Day) Regional Updates (Maurice Ogutu) Notes from Chris Doll (crop phenology; continuing outcomes from freeze injury; summaries from abstracts from HortScience) Fruit Production and Pest Management (codling moth phenology; preharvest intervals for fruit pesticides) Vegetable Production and Pest Management (downy mildew of cucurbits in Illinois; blossom end rot; notes on vegetable insects) University of Illinois Extension Specialists in Fruit & Vegetable Production & Pest Management Upcoming Programs
Regional UpdatesIn northern Illinois, the last ten days have been characterized by day temperatures in the 70s to 80s and night temperatures in the 50s to 60s. Soil moisture is adequate or greater in most parts of the region, as rainfall was widespread and heavy from July 16 to 20. Some areas, including location in Dekalb County, received more than 5 inches of rainfall, and nearly all areas received at least 1 inch. Apples are sizing well, and growers are continuing with cover spray programs that now include calcium. Scattered infestations of Japanese beetles have been reported. Grapes also are sizing well ... and grape foliage is another favorite of Japanese beetles where they occur. Sweet corn, summer squash, cucumber, and pepper harvesting is going full speed, and tomatoes will be ready soon for most growers. Muskmelon harvesting will start very soon in Kankakee area. European corn borer and corn earworm moth counts at the St. Charles Horticulture Research Center have been very low. Foliar and fruit diseases are now showing up in vegetable fields; root rot and fruit rots are problems in pumpkins. Insect pest pressure has been low with a few imported cabbage worms & cabbage loopers observed on cole crops, cucumber beetles & western corn root worm beetles on vine crops, squash bugs laying eggs on vegetable leaves, and flea beetles on eggplant leaves. Maurice Ogutu (708-352-0109; ogutu@uiuc.edu) Degree-Day AccumulationsDegree-day accumulations listed below for weather stations in the Illinois State Water Survey WARM data base have been summarized using the Degree-Day Calculator on the University of Illinois IPM site (http://www.ipm.uiuc.edu/degreedays/index.html). The list below includes only degree-day accumulations and projections based on a 50-degree F developmental threshold and a January 1 starting date, but other options that use different thresholds and specific biofix dates are available on the Degree-Day Calculator. The Degree-Day Calculator is available as a result of a joint effort of current and former extension entomologists (primarily Kelly Cook) and Bob Scott of the Illinois State Water Survey. If you have questions about how to use the site, contact me or Bob Scott (rwscott1@uiuc.edu). Rick Weinzierl (217-333-6651; weinzier@uiuc.edu)
Notes from Chris DollSW Illinois is experiencing some great weather for July -- almost apple coloring weather, with temperatures ranging from the 50's to the low 80's. However, experience tells us that many of the apples that develop red color this early in the season are prone to sunburn later in the summer. The season continues to be early, up to seven days ahead of 2006 on a couple of tree fruits that ripened this weekend. The light crop of Gala is turning color. Rainfall on the Back-40 remained scarce, as the total for July is now 0.4 inches. Others have received more. Chris Doll Fruit Production and Pest ManagementCodling Moth PhenologyDevelopmental events for the codling moth based on degree-day accumulations are presented below. Remember that "biofix" refers to the date of the first sustained capture of first-generation moths in traps. Codling moth development:
(Table based on Orchard Pest Management by Beers et al., published by Good Fruit Grower, Yakima, WA.)
Degree-day updates and codling moth comments from south to north, for select locations in Illinois: See previous issues of this newsletter for the names of specific orchards where biofix dates were observed and reported. All degree-day accumulations and predictions are based on nearest weather station data; temperatures recorded within your orchard provide more accurate data; use the numbers from the table below as approximations only. For codling moth:
Rick Weinzierl (217-333-6651; weinzier@uiuc.edu) Preharvest Intervals for Pesticides used on Fruit CropsJust a reminder ... with peach and bramble harvests ongoing and apple and grape harvests looming -- at least where there are crops to harvest -- it's wise to keep an eye on the preharvest intervals for fungicides and insecticides used in fruit crops at this time of year. PHIs for fungicides used on tree fruits are listed on page 35, and PHIs for insecticides and miticides are listed on pages 37-38 of the 2007 Midwest Commercial Tree Fruit Spray Guide, and similar tables are presented on pages 47 and 49 of the 2007 Midwest Commercial Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide. A few noteworthy numbers from these lists:
Rick Weinzierl (217-333-6651; weinzier@uiuc.edu) Vegetable Production and Pest ManagementReporting Downy Mildew on Pumpkins in IllinoisOn July 21, 2007, downy mildew of cucurbits, caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, was diagnosed in a processing pumpkin field in Mason County in central Illinois. The disease was wide-spread in the field, and the infection likely started several days earlier. This could indicate that the disease could be found in other cucurbit fields in Illinois as well. Downy mildew only affects leaves. Symptoms of downy mildew vary with the host and environmental conditions. The first symptom is usually the appearance of indistinct, pale green areas on the upper leaf surface. The pale green areas soon become yellow in color and angular to irregular in shape, bounded by the leaf veins. As the disease progress the lesions may remain yellow or become brown and necrotic. During moist weather the corresponding lower leaf surface is covered with a downy, pale gray to purple mildew. Often an upward leaf curling will occur. The symptoms in the pumpkin field were very obvious (see the pictures), and heavy sporulation of the pathogen was observed by microscopic examination. At this time, all cucurbit fields need to be scouted carefully and sprayed before or at the first sign of the disease. Fungicide sprays should be applied at 7-day intervals. The following fungicides are recommended for control of downy mildew of cucurbits in Illinois: Previcur Flex 6SC, Tanus 50WG, and Ranman 3.6SC. These fungicides should be mixed with Bravo (chlorothalonil) and alternated. Gavel can be used to control downy mildew of cucurbits other than pumpkins. For more information on downy mildew of cucurbits, consult the 2007 Midwest Vegetable Production Guide for Commercial Growers. Mohammad Babadoost (217-333-1523; babadoos@uiuc.edu) Causes and Remedies for Blossom End Rot in Peppers, Tomatoes, and other Solanaceous VegetablesBlossom end rot is a physiological disorder caused by factors other than pathogens or insects. In 1914 Brooks described blossom end rot in tomato in the journal Phytopathology but did not explain its exact causes. The disorder appears as a water-soaked region, often chlorotic, on the blossom end of large fruited varieties of tomato, pepper, eggplant, watermelon and zucchini grown either in the field or in greenhouses. Symptoms of blossom end rot usually occur within two weeks after fruit set. Blossom end rot symptoms usually occur on the earliest fruits but it can also occur on later fruits if conditions are favorable. Long fruited varieties are more vulnerable to blossom end rot than round fruits, but it can also occur on round fruits as the following photo illustrates. However, no blossom end rot symptoms have been seen on wild tomatoes and they rarely occur on small fruited varieties like cherry tomatoes. The disorder can also occur on the inside of the fruit in the tissue surrounding the seed where it is called "black seeds." The incidence of blossom end rot is infrequent in most properly managed fields, but it can be very serious under certain conditions.
Since 1942, most experts have agreed that the disorder is likely caused by calcium deficiency in the distal end of the affected fruits. However, there are other factors that have also been linked to blossom end rot incidence, including low tissue phosphorous and manganese, high tissue nitrogen, magnesium, and potassium, high soil salinity, drought stress, too much water, high temperature, high light intensity, location of the fruit on the plant, root damage, and cultivar. Most of these factors, however, appear to affect plant growth and so their effect may be indirectly related to the incidence of the disorder compared to calcium. Calcium controls the process of cell expansion and serves as a messenger for cell to cell communication. Calcium is delivered into the fruit via the xylem vessels. There are fewer and narrower xylem vessels at the blossom end of the fruit where the rot is likely to occur. Also the xylem to phloem ratio is low and there are fewer vessels in the seed cavity in the blossom end of affected fruits. Combined, these factors are believed to be the reason why the rot develops on the blossom end of the fruit. Before you jump on your tractor and start spraying the plants you need to be aware that blossom end rot is not a simple disorder that can be cured with calcium for many reasons. Studies have shown that there is no critical level for calcium that can induce the rot, other elements beside calcium can also contribute to the rot development, and some hormones and high temperature have also been shown to induce the rot. Even when assuming that calcium is the main reason for the rot, some fruits like tomato are not likely to respond to calcium treatment. Tomato fruits do not have openings (stomates or lenticels) on their skin and so it is difficult for calcium to move through the skin and into the fruit, especially during the critical times at the early stages of development. Here are a few tips on how to prevent blossom end rot from developing in your tomatoes, peppers or other fruits.
Spraying calcium, regardless of its form, will not eliminate blossom end rot on affected fruits. The three most important factors that will likely minimize blossom development in your tomatoes, peppers or eggplants are to monitor the level of nitrogen carefully (divided the rate into smaller doses and use nitrate nitrogen), prevent fluctuation in soil moisture, and keep the soil pH at 6.5 to 6.8. If you can manage these three factors, you can manage blossom end rot. Mosbah Kushad (217-244-5691; kushad@uiuc.edu) Brief Notes on Vegetable Insects
Rick Weinzierl (217-333-6651; weinzier@uiuc.edu)
Words of Wisdom ...The Difference Between Dogs and CatsA dog thinks: Hey, these people I live with feed me, love me, provide me with a nice warm, dry house, pet me, and take good care of me ... They must be gods! A cat thinks: Hey, these people I live with feed me, love me, provide me with a nice warm, dry house, pet me, and take good care of me ... I must be a god! University of Illinois Extension Specialists in Fruit and Vegetable Production & Pest Management
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Integrated Pest Management College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences Crop Sciences | Entomology Natural Resources & Environmental Sciences Illinois Natural History Survey |
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